Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Metabolic and Thermal Cues Shape IL-6 Responses and Disease Tolerance Mechanisms in Severe Malaria

doi: 10.64898/2026.04.14.718305

Figure Lengend Snippet: Estimated marginal means (EMMs) of IL‐6 secretion from PBn-parasite co‐cultures under factorial combinations of temperature (37°C, 40°C), pipecolic acid (PA; present/absent), lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC; replete/depleted), and parasite exposure (parasite vs no parasite). Panels A and B show the effects of LPC depletion and repletion, respectively. Panel C shows the effect of parasite exposure independent of metabolic conditions. IL‐6 production is highest under febrile temperature (40°C) when PA is present, and LPC is available. Parasite exposure modestly increases IL‐6 across conditions, but metabolic context remains the dominant determinant of IL‐6 output.

Article Snippet: IL-6 concentrations in co-culture supernatants were quantified using the AccuBind IL-6 ELISA kit (Monobind Inc., USA).

Techniques:

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Metabolic and Thermal Cues Shape IL-6 Responses and Disease Tolerance Mechanisms in Severe Malaria

doi: 10.64898/2026.04.14.718305

Figure Lengend Snippet: Interaction plot showing estimated marginal means (EMMs) of IL‐6 secretion across factorial combinations of temperature (37°C, 40°C), pipecolic acid (PA; absent/present), and lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC; depleted/replete). Lines represent model‐adjusted means. IL‐6 production increases under febrile temperature (40°C), particularly when PA is present, and LPC is replete. Panel A: LPC‐depleted conditions. Panel B: LPC‐replete conditions.

Article Snippet: IL-6 concentrations in co-culture supernatants were quantified using the AccuBind IL-6 ELISA kit (Monobind Inc., USA).

Techniques:

Journal: The Journal of Biological Chemistry

Article Title: Human Memory, but Not Naive, CD4 + T Cells Expressing Transcription Factor T-bet Might Drive Rapid Cytokine Production *

doi: 10.1074/jbc.M114.608745

Figure Lengend Snippet: Kinetics of cytokine secretion by activated naive and memory CD4+ T cells. Naive and memory CD4+ T cells were isolated from CD4+ T cells by MACS microbeads, and the purity of naive or memory CD4+ T cells was more than 97% as determined by flow cytometry (a). Naive and memory CD4+ T cells were stimulated with (open histogram) or without (shaded histogram) PMA and ionomycin in the presence of BFA for 6 h. Cells were stained by intracellular staining and analyzed by FACS (b). Purified naive and memory CD4+ T cells were stimulated with immobilized anti-CD3 (1 μg/ml) and anti-CD28 (1 μg/ml) for 0 to 72 h, and the concentrations of cytokines IFN-γ, IL-2, and TNF-α were detected by ELISA (c). Data are representative of three separate experiments with similar results.

Article Snippet: Human ELISA kits for cytokines IFN-γ, IL-2, and TNF-α were purchased from BD Biosciences.

Techniques: Isolation, Flow Cytometry, Staining, Purification, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay

Journal: BioMed Research International

Article Title: A De- O -acylated Lipooligosaccharide-Based Adjuvant System Promotes Antibody and Th1-Type Immune Responses to H1N1 Pandemic Influenza Vaccine in Mice

doi: 10.1155/2016/3713656

Figure Lengend Snippet: Th1-type-predominant immune response to CIA06-adjuvanted influenza vaccine. Splenocytes were isolated from the mice that had been immunized as described in and cultured for 72 h in the absence (■) or presence of Greenflu-S (■). The levels of IFN- γ (a) and IL-5 (b) in the culture media were determined by sandwich ELISA, and IFN- γ : IL-5 ratios were calculated for each group (c). Statistical differences were analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's multiple comparison test. Results are expressed as the means ± SD of values obtained from triplicate cultures that used two spleens each. Data shown are representative of three independent experiments. ∗ P < 0.05; ∗∗ P < 0.01; and ∗∗∗ P < 0.001. NS, not significant.

Article Snippet: Recombinant mouse IL-2 was acquired from R&D Systems (Minneapolis, MN, USA), and IFN- γ and IL-5 cytokine ELISA kits were obtained from BD Biosciences (San Diego, CA, USA) and R&D Systems.

Techniques: Isolation, Cell Culture, Sandwich ELISA, Comparison

Journal: BioMed Research International

Article Title: A De- O -acylated Lipooligosaccharide-Based Adjuvant System Promotes Antibody and Th1-Type Immune Responses to H1N1 Pandemic Influenza Vaccine in Mice

doi: 10.1155/2016/3713656

Figure Lengend Snippet: CIA06-adjuvanted influenza vaccine stimulates both CD4 + and CD8 + T cell responses. Splenocytes were isolated from the mice ( n = 6) that had been immunized twice at a 3-week interval with nonadjuvanted or adjuvanted Greenflu-S (0.2 μ g) and stimulated with the vaccine for 72 h in the absence or presence of anti-CD4 and/or anti-CD8 antibodies. IFN- γ levels in the culture media were determined by sandwich ELISA. Statistical differences were analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's multiple comparison test. Results are expressed as the means ± SD of values obtained from triplicate cultures that used two spleens each. Data shown are representative of three independent experiments. ∗ P < 0.05; ∗∗ P < 0.01; and ∗∗∗ P < 0.001. NS, not significant.

Article Snippet: Recombinant mouse IL-2 was acquired from R&D Systems (Minneapolis, MN, USA), and IFN- γ and IL-5 cytokine ELISA kits were obtained from BD Biosciences (San Diego, CA, USA) and R&D Systems.

Techniques: Isolation, Sandwich ELISA, Comparison

Journal: Shock (Augusta, Ga.)

Article Title: The Protective Effect of a Short Peptide Derived from Cold-inducible RNA-binding Protein in Renal Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury

doi: 10.1097/SHK.0000000000000988

Figure Lengend Snippet: Serum was collected 24 h after RIR and used to measure (A) TNF-α, (B) IL-6, (C) IL-1β using ELISA. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM (sham: n = 4 mice; RIR + vehicle: n = 5 mice; RIR + vehicle: n = 5 mice) and compared by one-way analysis of variance and Student-Newman-Keuls method. *P < 0.05 versus sham; #P < 0.05 versus vehicle. RIR, renal ischemia-reperfusion; SEM, standard error of the mean; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

Article Snippet: Serum TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β were determined with an ELISA kit, specific to mouse TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β (BD Biosciences, San Diego, CA).

Techniques: Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay

Journal: Journal of Translational Medicine

Article Title: Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound triggers a beneficial neuromodulation in dementia mice with chronic cerebral hypoperfusion via activation of hippocampal Fndc5/irisin signaling

doi: 10.1186/s12967-022-03824-7

Figure Lengend Snippet: Boosting hippocampal Fndc5/irisin alleviate hippocampal damage and cognitive deficits following experimental VaD. A Experimental outline. Forced expression of Fndc5 in hippocampus of adult C57BL/6 mice using adenovirus brain infection, while enhancement of hippocampal irisin level by bilateral intrahippocampal injection of recombinant irisin on day 22 after BCAS. B Hippocampal Fndc5 mRNA expression and irisin were respectively detected using qPCR and ELISA on day 28 after BCAS. C Hippocampal synaptic plasticity was analyzed using Patch Clamp on day 28 after BCAS. The average traces of fEPSP in hippocampal slices. D The data of fEPSP at 120 min. E – G Cognitive evaluation were performed on day 28 after BCAS. The errors (numbers of entries into incorrect maze arms) in two-days radial arm water maze test were continuously measured in each block ( E ). The errors in last block were counted in a histogram ( F ). Exploratory time on old or new object in novel object recognition test were illustrated in histogram ( G ). H , I Hippocampal level of TGF-β and IL-10, were determined using ELISA on day 28 after BCAS. J The percentage of freezing time obtained on day 28 after BCAS in contextual fear test were illustrated in histogram. Sham, sham-operated mice; BCAS, mice were subjected to BCAS injury; AdFndc5 or AdGFP, adult BCAS mice were infected using intracerebroventricular injection with an adenoviral vector designed to express Fndc5 or GFP; Irisin, adult BCAS mice with bilateral intrahippocampal injection of recombinant irisin. (n = 8 per group. All data are expressed as mean ± SEM, * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001, ns means no statistical significance)

Article Snippet: The concentration of irisin in serum, brain tissue homogenate or culture supernatant were detected using the irisin ELISA kit obtained from Phoenix pharmaceuticals (Burlingame, USA). and were obtained from Phoenix pharmaceuticals (Burlingame, USA). transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, and interleukin (IL)-10 were measured with mouse TGF-β and IL-10 ELISA Kits (Aviscera Bioscience, Santa Clara, CA, USA).

Techniques: Expressing, Infection, Injection, Recombinant, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Patch Clamp, Blocking Assay, Plasmid Preparation

Journal: Journal of Translational Medicine

Article Title: Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound triggers a beneficial neuromodulation in dementia mice with chronic cerebral hypoperfusion via activation of hippocampal Fndc5/irisin signaling

doi: 10.1186/s12967-022-03824-7

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fndc5/irisin mediates the neurorestorative effects of LIPUS on experimental VaD. A Experimental outline. Knockdown the expression of hippocampal Fndc5 using shRNA before 7days of BCAS. Transcranial LIPUS was applied 24 h after BCAS and subsequently daily with a stimulation time of 5 min at an ultrasound pressure of 0.51 MPa for a period of 28 days. B , C Fndc5 mRNA expression and irisin concentration in hippocampus of adult mice were respectively detected using qPCR and ELISA on day 28 after BCAS. D Hippocampal synaptic plasticity was analyzed using Patch Clamp, average traces of fEPSP in hippocampal slices collected on day 28 after BCAS. E The data of fEPSP at 120 min. F , G Hippocampal TGF-β and IL-10 were determined using ELISA on day 28 after BCAS. H Exploratory time on old or new object in novel object recognition test were illustrated in histogram. I The errors in radial arm water maze test were continuously measured in each block on day 28 after BCAS. J The data of errors in last block were counted in a histogram. K Global Fndc5 knock-out mice (F5KO) was employed to mechanism exploration, contextual fear test was used to assess cognitive deficit on day 28 after BCAS. the percentage of freezing time obtained on day 28 after BCAS were illustrated in histogram. Sham, sham-operated mice; BCAS, mice were subjected to BCAS injury; LIPUS, BCAS adult mice with LIPUS treatment; shFndc5 or shLuc, LIPUS-treated adult BCAS mice with intrahippocampal injection with lentiviral particles expressing shRNA against murine Fndc5 or luciferase. (n = 8 per group. All data are expressed as mean ± SEM, * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001, ns means no statistical significance)

Article Snippet: The concentration of irisin in serum, brain tissue homogenate or culture supernatant were detected using the irisin ELISA kit obtained from Phoenix pharmaceuticals (Burlingame, USA). and were obtained from Phoenix pharmaceuticals (Burlingame, USA). transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, and interleukin (IL)-10 were measured with mouse TGF-β and IL-10 ELISA Kits (Aviscera Bioscience, Santa Clara, CA, USA).

Techniques: Expressing, shRNA, Concentration Assay, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Patch Clamp, Blocking Assay, Knock-Out, Injection, Luciferase